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SAFETY 

IN 

WOODWORKING 



PUBLISHED BY 

NATIONAL WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION 
SERVICE BUREAU 

NEW YORK 



COPYRIGHT 1918 
BY 

NATIONAL WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION 
SERVICE BUREAU 



OCT 18 jSi8 
©a A 5 (I ;j 872 






4.P 



FOREWORD 

The standards, illustrations and explanatory notes pre- 
sented herein are intended primarily for the information of 
employers and employees engaged in the woodworking in- 
dustry, but as wood in some form enters into plant main- 
tenance, if not into the actual manufacturing operations, 
of most industrial establishments, practical information 
and advice with regard to safeguarding woodworking ma- 
chines should be of very general value. 

The illustrations of guards are made from photographs 
of devices in actual service ; they are, therefore, in them- 
selves an indication that these devices are practical rather 
than purely theoretical. 

The volume is assembled in looseleaf form in order to 
make it possible to insert additional pages from time to time 
as new matter is obtained; the looseleaf form also allows 
for the withdrawal of matter that has become obsolete. 

The National Workmen's Compensation Service 
Bureau acknowledges the assistance of the many manufac- 
turers and others who have helped in the preparation of 
this book. 



CONTENTS 



Section I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS 

Page 

Fundamental Principles .... 2 

Industrial Standards 5 

Safety Organization 18 

Section II. LOGGING 

Rules 2 

Skidding 3 

Railroad 8 

Loading . . . . . . . . 10 

Unloading 13 

Section III. SAW MILL 

Slip 2 

Deck 4 

Sawyer 6 

Carriage 7 

Edger 9 

Circular Rift Machine 10 

Slasher 11 

Trimmer 13 

Hog Hopper 14 

Shingle Saw 15 

Section IV. PLANING MILLS 

Resaw 3 

Moulder 4 

Tenoners 5 

Stickers 10 

Section V. SAWS 

Circular Saws 2 

Swing Saws 25 

Band Saws 28 

Section VL JOINTERS 2 

Section VII, PLANERS 2 

Section VIII. SHAPERS 2 

Section IX. SANDING MACHINERY .... 2 

Section X. BORING MACHINERY .... 2 

Section XI. MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY 

Automatic Lathes 3 

Miter Chopper 8 

Stave Crozier 10 

Veneer Clipper 11 



SECTION I 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES 
AND STANDARDS 



Woodworking — Section I Page 2 



FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 

In the prevention of accidents incidental to the operation of 
woodworking machines, the following fundamentals should be 
considered: 

LOCATION 

LAY OUT. In planning the lay out of plant care should be 
taken to so place the machines that the routing of material, from 
raw stock to finished product, will be in a forward direction and 
with no crossing of paths by which material is routed. 

WORKING SPACE. The machines should be located in a 
safe working space. It is important that the machines be properly 
spaced to avoid interference among the workmen handling stock 
or material. 

ILLUMINATION. The location of the machines should be 
planned so that there will be sufficient daylight at points of opera- 
tion. In placing artificial lights, care should be taken to have the 
workroom illuminated as well as to have ample light upon the ma- 
chines and the material. 

VIBRATION. Woodworking machines invariably run at a 
high speed and, whether of the revolving or reciprocating type, are 
likely to cause excessive vibration. For this reason those machines 
having the greatest vibration should be installed on the ground 
floor of the mill or workshop if possible and secured to a sub- 
stantial foundation or floor. 

FLOORS. The floors should be even to prevent tripping and 
the operators' standing spaces should be covered with non-slipping 
material. 

EXHAUSTS. Dust and waste materials accumulate rapidly in 
most woodworking establishments, and it is important that pro- 
vision be made for the prompt and constant removal of this element 
of danger. A spark in a dust-laden room may cause a catastrophe 
the extent of which it is impossible to estimate. Suction exhausts, 
blowers and mechanical conveyors are particularly efficient for the 
prompt disposal of waste material. 



Woodworking — Section I Page 3 



PROPER MACHINES 

VARIETY OF MACHINES. Machines should be used on 
work and material for which they were designed. 

While many woodworking machines accomplish a variety of 
operations satisfactorily, it is difficult to provide effective guards 
for the point of operation on such machines. Hence, the necessity 
arises of removing, adjusting and changing special guards and 
devices for each operation, which in itself introduces an additional 
hazard. Wherever practicable, a machine should be selected and 
guarded for a specific operation and other work of a different 
character, involving special hazards, should be assigned to other 
machines suitable for the work. This may require additional 
machinery, but usually the cost is more than offset by the economy 
in time required to change the setting of machines and the delay 
it necessitates if the shop is at all busy. 

STARTING AND STOPPING MACHINERY 

STOPPING MACHINERY. Immediately on finishing an 
operation the machines should be stopped. For this purpose start- 
ing and stopping devices readily accessible to the operator should 
be provided and well maintained. 

ACCIDENTAL STARTING. To prevent the accidental start- 
ing of a machine, provision should be made for securing in a fixed 
position the stopping device or mechanism. 

MACHINE OPERATORS 

Operators should be selected for their fitness as regards care- 
fulness, quick perception and appreciation of the hazard, good 
vision, resistance to fatigue, and enthusiasm and enjoyment in the 
performance of their duties. Beginners and apprentices should 
receive thorough instruction and training before being permitted 
to operate machines, and if no special aptitude is shown, they 
should be assigned to bench or yard work where there is no ma- 
chine hazard. None but authorized and experienced persons should 
be permitted to operate machines. 

Operators of machines must be persons who will not only look 
out for the safety of themselves, but for the safety of their fellow 
workmen. 



Woodworking — Section I Page 4 



SAFEGUARDS 

LOCATION. Machines should be made safe by being pro- 
vided with safeguards at points of operation, and all gears, 
sprockets, chains, belts, pulleys, clutches, wheels, shafting, spindles, 
couplings, counterweights and other revolving and reciprocating 
parts or projections should be guarded in accordance with the 
standards given on pages 6-10. 

MATERIAL. It is recognized that operators of woodworking 
plants naturally prefer to use wood in making their own safeguards. 
These, however, to some extent increase the fire hazard by accumu- 
lating dust and becoming saturated with oil. Metal guards are 
more durable and the first cost, while somewhat in excess of home- 
made v/ooden guards, should not prejudice the employer in select- 
ing that which is most permanent and effective. 

OILING AND ADJUSTING. As the high speed of woodwork- 
ing machines necessitates frequent attention to bearings, it is neces- 
sary that safeguards be designed for convenience in oiling and ad- 
justing. Permanent non-removable guards are desirable. 

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 

In the electrically driven plant we have another element of 
danger not found in those driven by steam or water. The pro- 
tection of the workmen against shocks or injury from electrical 
equipment, as well as the hazard of fire due to electric sparks, 
should be given careful consideration. 

There are a number of safety switches now on the market 
which have their live parts entirely enclosed and are operated by 
a lever or button outside the case. Such switches practically elimi- 
nate both the danger of accidental contact and that of fire. 

Motors should be protected by proper enclosures, and wiring 
should comply with the rules of the National Electrical Code. No 
exposed terminals should be permitted about machinery where there 
is a possibility of workmen coming in contact with same or where 
there is danger of some metallic substance causing a short circuit. 



Woodworking — Section I Page 5 



INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS 

The following Industrial Standards have been adopted 
and are used by the National Workmen's Compensation 
Service Bureau ; they describe the proper material, construc- 
tion and position of mechanical safeguards. While these 
standards are applicable to most conditions ordinarily en- 
countered in actual practice, it is understood that special 
treatment and consideration must be given the unusual and 
exceptional conditions peculiar to certain industrial estab- 
lishments. 

Some of the illustrations, it Mrill be noted, show guards 
which do not fully comply with the standards as given in 
this section. Where we w^ere unable to show machines 
with guards fully up to standard, w^e have noted such 
conditions and explained in what respect they are sub- 
standard. 



Woodworking — Section I Page 6 



• 



GENERAL STANDARDS 



RAILINGS 

(1) Railings shall be not less than forty-two (42) inches in 
height and shall be provided with intermediate rail between 
the top rail and the floor, and shall be constructed in a 
permanent and substantial manner, smooth and free from 
protruding nails, bolts and splinters. 

(2) If constructed of pipe, they shall be not less than one and 
one-quarter (1%) inches nominal inside diameter. 

(3) If constructed of structural metal or bars, their section shall 
be at least equal in strength to that of one and one-half 
(1%) inches by one and one-half (1%) inches by 3/16 inch 
angle iron. 

(4) If constructed of wood, the posts shall be not less than 
two (2) inches by four (4) inches or its equivalent section. 
Top railings shall be not less than two (2) inches by four 
(4) inches, or one (1) inch by four (4) inches provided an- 
other board of not less than one (1) inch by four (4) inches 
is securely nailed to sides of posts and to top rail. Center 
railings shall be not less than one (1) inch by four (4) 
inches. 

(5) Posts and uprights shall be spaced not more than eight (8) 
feet apart. 

(6) The rails, when of metal shapes, metal bars or wood, should 
be placed on that side of the posts which will afford the 
greatest support and protection. 

(7) Where panels are fitted with substantial expanded metal 
or wire mesh the middle rails may be omitted. 

TOEBOARDS 

Standard toeboards shall be three (3) inches high, prefer- 
ably six (6) inches high, of wood, metal, or other substan- 
tial material. Metal grille not exceeding one (1) inch in 
mesh or the equivalent thereof shall be accepted. 

MACHINES 

All machines shall be provided with an effective starting 
and stopping device such as an individual belt shifter, clutch, 
switch or valve which will effectively control the machine. 






Woodworking — Section I Page 7 



(1) (a) GEARS, SPROCKETS AND FRICTION DRIVES 

shall be completely enclosed or have a band guard around 
face of gear, with the side flanges extending inward be- 
yond root of teeth. Guards shall be of substantial con- 
struction securely fastened in place. 

(b) Where a guard or enclosure is within four (4) inches of 
the gears and there are openings through the guard more 
than one-half (Vs) inch in width, through which fingers 
might project and be injured by the gears, such openings 
shall be completely covered or protected by substantial 
material, such as wire netting of not more than one-half 
(%) inch mesh, with wire not smaller than No. 20 gauge 
U. S. Standard. 

(2) (a) BELTS AND PULLEYS "EXPOSED TO CON- 

TACT" shall be completely enclosed or effectively 
guarded. Guards shall be of substantial construction, 
securely fastened in place. 

(b) Where guard or enclosure is within four (4) inches of 
belt, and there are openings through guard more than 
one-half (V2) inch in width, through which fingers might 
project and be injured by belt and pulley, such openings 
shall be completely covered or protected by substantial 
material, such as wire netting of not more than one-half 
i%) inch mesh, with wire not smaller than No. 20 gauge 
U. S. Standard. 

(c) If guards are within four (4) inches of belt and pulley 
they shall be not less than six (6) feet in height. 

(d) If guards are more than four (4) inches distant from belt 
and pulley they shall be not less than five (5) feet in 
height. Such guards if constructed of wire mesh shall 
not have openings larger than two (2) inches in size and 
the wire shall not be less than No. 12 gauge U. S. 
Standard. 

(e) Any panel in a guard exceeding forty-two (42) inches in 
width shall be supported across its width. 

(f) A Standard rail placed not less than fifteen (15) inches 
nor more than twenty (20) inches horizontally from any 
point of the belt shall be accepted. 



i 



Woodworking — Section I 



Page 8 



(g) Where standard railings are used to guard inclined belts, 
the vertical clearance between the lower run of the belt 
and floor shall be not less than six (6) feet six (6) inches 
at any point where railings pass under the belt. 

(h) Overhead horizontal belts with lower part seven (7) feet 
or less from floor or platform level shall be guarded on 
sides and bottom. 

(i) Inclined belt guards should be so installed that the 
vertical clearance between the lower run of the belt and 
the floor shall not be less than six (6) feet six (6) inches 
at any point outside of guard. 

(3) (a) WHEELS, SHAFTING, SPINDLES, COUNTER- 
WEIGHTS, REVOLVING AND RECIPROCATING 
PARTS, AND OTHER SIMILAR PARTS (EXCLUD- 
ING POINT OF OPERATION), EXPOSED TO 
CONTACT, shall be completely enclosed or effectively 
guarded. Guards shall be of substantial construction, 
securely fastened in place. 

(b) Where guard or enclosure is within four (4) inches of 
such part, and there are openings through guard more 
than one-half (72) inch in width, through which fingers 
might project and be injured, such openings shall be 
completely covered or protected by substantial material, 
such as wire netting of not more than one-half (Va) inch 
mesh, with wire not smaller than No. 20 gauge U. S. 
Standard. 

(c) If guards are within four (4) inches of moving parts, 
they shall be not less than six (6) feet in height. 

(d) If guards are more than four (4) inches distant from 
moving parts, they shall be not less than five (5) feet in 
height. Such guards, if constructed of wire mesh, shall 
not have openings larger than two (2) inches in size, 
and the wire shall be not less than No. 20 gauge U. S. 
Standard. Slatted guards, if used, shall not have open- 
ings greater than one (1) inch in width. 

(e) A Standard rail placed not less than fifteen (15) inches, 
nor more than twenty (20) inches, horizontally from the 
moving parts shall be accepted. Paragraph (g) above 
also applies. 



■I 



Woodworking — Section I Page 9 



(4) Clutches, couplings, set screws, bolts, keys, oil cups or 
similar projections unless enclosed by the housing of the 
machine, shall be made flush, or protected with cylin- 
drical safety sleeves, or completely enclosed. 

(5) Guards shall be of substantial construction securely fast- 
ened in place. 

(a) The uprights used for support should be of angle iron 
l"xl"x%", to 11/2 "xl^"xyie", iron pipe 54" to 1%" inside 
diameter, or construction of equivalent strength, the 
sizes varying between the above limits according to the 
weight, size and location (collisions with moving equip- 
ment) of guard. 

(b) The filling material should be fastened to the supports 
by one of the following methods: 

To Angle Iron Support — 

By means of Y^'xYs" flat iron fastened to the angle 
by using 3/16" bolts or rivets, placed at intervals 
not exceeding ten (10) inches; or by wooden strips 
l"xl" fastened to the angles by means of 3/16" bolts; 
or by other method providing equivalent strength. 

Perforated or solid sheet metal may be bolted or 
riveted directly to the angle, or may be spot welded 
to the same. 

To Piping— 

By means of clamps or by heavy wire fastenings 
placed on the inside of the guard. 

GENERAL RULES 

(1) "EXPOSED TO CONTACT" shall mean such location of 
a dangerous moving part as will permit contact with same 
by any person. The following shall be considered "EX- 
POSED TO CONTACT": 

Gears and sprockets, set screws and similar projections 
wherever located, if not completely encased by the hous- 
ing of the machine or by guards which conform to 
Standards. 



Woodworking — Section I Page 10 



All other dangerous moving parts when located within 
six (6) feet of floor or working platform, if not pro- 
tected by housing of the machine, or by fixed adjacent 
equipment. 

Note: — Balconies or runways on machines are considered 
working platforms in connection with this term. 

(2) Where machine parts (other than gears, sprockets, set 
screws and similar projections) are so located with respect 
to walls, other equipment or other machines that they are 
as effectively protected as if guarded in accordance with 
above Standards they shall be so considered. 

CONSTRUCTION OF GUARDS 

Guards for gears, belts, pulleys and other dangerous moving 
parts should be so constructed as not to impair the efficiency of 
the machines. In many cases frequent adjustment of guarded 
parts is necessary, and unless guards are designed with this con- 
dition in mind, adjustments entail considerable loss of time and 
the workmen may even neglect to replace such guards after ad- 
justments have been made. Shop rules usually specify that all 
guards must be in place when machine is in use, but such rules 
are not always adhered to. 

Panel or sectional construction, especially where metal guards 
are used, makes guarded parts readily accessible, since sections 
may be hinged or held in place by clips or hooks. Hinges are pref- 
erable, as they prevent the complete removal of guards. Guards in 
Section V, page 31, and Section IX, page 11, illustrate hinged type 
of construction. 

Where guards do not necessarily extend to the floor, it is rec- 
ommended that they be attached to an integral part of the machine 
if possible, rather than supported from the floor. This permits easy 
cleaning underneath and eliminates a possible tripping hazard. 



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Woodworking — Section I 



Page 11 




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STANDARD WOOD RAILING 

See page 6 for description of various types of railings. 



Woodworking — Section I 



Page 12 




STAIRS 

Stair hand rails should be 36 inches high, measured vertically 
from center of tread. 

Hand rails should be provided on 
All open sides. 

One side of enclosed stairway 4 feet or less in width. 
Both sides of enclosed stairway over 4 feet in width between 

walls. 
Both sides and in center of stairway over 8 feet in width 

t between walls. 



Woodworking — Section I 



Page 13 



x^^ 



MESH FOR GUARDS 
JL B 






Woven Wire 



Elxpandled 
Metal 




B 



Perforated 
Metal 

B 



B 



Wood or Metal 
Strip Crossed 


Wood or Metal 
Strip Not Crossed 


Material 


A 

Clearance 

from Belt 

at all 

Points 


B 

Largest 
Mesh or 
Opening 
Allowable 


C 

Minimum 

Gauge 

(U. S. Stand.) 

or Thickness 


D 

Min. Height 
of Guard from 

Floor or 
Platform Level 


Woven 
Wire 


Under 4" 


y^" 


>-r'-#20 


6'-0" 


4"-15" 


2" 


2"-#12 


5'-0" 


Expanded 
Metal 


Under 4" 


Y^" 


^'"-#18 


6'-0" 


4"-15" 


2" 


2"-#13 


5'-0" 


Perforated 
Metal 


Under 4" 


%" 


>^"-#20 


6'-0" 


4"-15" 


2" 


2"-#14 


5'-0" 


Sheet 
Metal 


Under 4" 


— 


#22 


6'-0" 


4"-15" 


— 


#22 


5'-0" 


Wood or 

Metal Strip 

Crossed 


Under 4" 


V^" 


Wood V^" 
Metal #16 


6'-0" 


4"-15" 


2" 


Wood 3^" 
Metal #16 


5'-0" 


Wood or 
Metal Strip 
Not Crossed 


Under 4" 


>^" width 


Wood Vk" 
Metal #16 


6'-0" 


4"-15" 


1" width 


Wood M" 
Metal #16 


5'-0" 


Std. Rail 


Min. 15" 
Max. 20" 


See Standard for Railings (p. 6) 



Woodworking — Section I 



Page 14 



BELT GUARDS 




Minimum clearance between belt and floor at any point 
outside of guard. 



Vertical Belt 



Standard 
A -^ Railing 
Guard 



Inclined 
Belt 




Minimum clearance between lower run of belt and floor 
at any point where railing passes und-er belt. 



Woodworking — Section I 



Page 15 




OVERHEAD SHAFT GUARD 

Shafting and coupling completely covered by metal guard sup- 
ported from ceiling. 

Note also the substantial mesh guard for belt and pulley. 




SHAFT GUARD 

Well-designed guard for line shaft located near floor. 



a 



Woodworking — Section I 



Page 16 




GEAR GUARDS 

Substantial guards for transmission gears. 



Woodworking — Section I 



Page 17 






SAFETY SET SCREWS 

Above are shown several types of safety set screws. Set screws 
which project beyond collar should never be used. 



Woodworking — Section I Page 18 



SAFETY ORGANIZATION 

The guarding of machinery is only the first step toward 
preventing accidents. The employee who constantly thinks 
safety is seldom injured. Getting him interested in safety 
is accomplished by education. The best method of educat- 
ing the employee is through a live safety organization. 

The prevention of accidents has a direct bearing on the 
amount of time lost by employees. Aside from the direct 
cost of the accident, it is frequently necessary, when a man 
is injured, to break in a new man to take his place. This 
may mean the waste of material as well as a decrease in 
production. It is an undisputed fact that the efficiency of 
the employee increases in proportion to the improvement 
made in working conditions. Safety organization, there- 
fore, not only serves as a means for educating the em- 
ployee and bettering his working conditions, but also pro- 
motes co-operation between employer and employee. 

The following plan has been adopted by the Bureau in 
its Industrial Standards. This plan to be most effective 
should receive the co-operation of both employer and em- 
ployee and should be carried out in spirit as well as letter. 
The importance of such an organization cannot be too 
strongly emphasized. If conscientiously conducted, it will 
go far toward eliminating accidents in the plant. 



Woodworking — Section I Page 19 



GENERAL RULES 

Safety Organization Records shall be kept in such a manner 
that the rating inspector can readily determine the number and 
character of recommendations submitted, carried out, under prog- 
ress, and not acted upon. This can readily be accomplished by 
noting at the end of each month or other convenient interval not 
to exceed three months — 

I. The number of new recommendations made. 

II. The number of recommendations carried out. 

III. The number of recommendations which are uncompleted. 

IV. The number of recommendations which have not been 
begun. 

SUPERVISION 

(CLASS A, 1-150 EMPLOYEES) 

STANDARD 

(1) There shall be a General Committee, consisting of not less 
than three (3) persons, one of whom shall be selected from 
the following: 

Manager, 
Superintendent, 
Engineer, 
Master Mechanic, 
Foreman, 

or other employee in a position of authority. The Com- 
mittee shall: 

I. Review and approve inspection reports. 

II. Pass on all recommendations to determine their prac- 
ticability. For this purpose, meetings shall be held at 
intervals of not more than one (1) month, and written 
records of such meetings shall be kept. 

III. Record and familiarize themselves with the cause of all 
accidents for the purpose of devising methods which 
shall tend to eliminate similar accidents. 



Woodworking — Section I Page 20 



IV. See that new employees are properly instructed as to 
the hazard of their work, and that employees of the dif- 
ferent departments are educated in safety practices 
through the use of bulletins, printed rules or oral in- 
structions. 

V. Supervise the safety inspection work. 

(CLASS B, 151-500 EMPLOYEES) 

(2) There shall be a General Committee consisting of not less 
than three persons, one of whom shall be selected from the 
following: 

Manager, 
Superintendent, 
Engineer, 
Master Mechanic, 
Foreman, 

or other employee in a position of authority. The Com- 
mittee shall: 

I. Review and approve inspection reports. 

II. Pass on all recommendations to determine their prac- 
ticability. For this purpose, meetings shall be held at 
intervals of not more than one (1) month, and written 
records of such meetings shall be kept. 

III. Record and familiarize themselves with the cause of all 
accidents for the purpose of devising methods which 
shall tend to eliminate similar accidents. 

IV. See that new employees are properly instructed as to 
the hazard of their work, and that employees of the 
different departments are educated in safety practices 
through the use of bulletins, printed rules or oral in- 
structions. 

V. Supervise the safety inspection work. 

VI. See that drawings and specifications for new machinery 
cover the guarding of dangerous features, such as gears, 
sprockets and couplings. Inspect new machinery before 
it is placed in operation and see that necessary safe- 
guards (including point of operation) are provided. 



Woodworking — Section I Page 21 



(CLASS C, MORE THAN 500 EMPLOYEES) 

(3) There shall be a General Committee of not less than 
three (3) persons, one of whom shall be selected from 
the following: 

Manager, 
Superintendent, 
Engineer, 
Master Mechanic, 
Foreman, 

or other employee in a position of authority. The Com- 
mittee shall: 

I. Review and approve inspection reports. 

II. Pass on all recommendations to determine their prac- 
ticability. For this purpose, meetings shall be held 
at intervals of not more than one (1) month, and 
written records of such meetings shall be kept. 

III. Familiarize themselves with the cause of all accidents 
for the purpose of devising methods which shall tend 
to eliminate similar accidents. 

IV. See that new employees are properly instructed as to 
the hazard of their work, and that employees of the 
different departments are educated in safety practices 
through the use of bulletins, printed rules, or oral in- 
structions. 

V. Supervise the safety inspection work. 



INSPECTION SERVICE 

(CLASS A, 1-150 EMPLOYEES) 
STANDARD 

(1) There shall be some competent person with knowledge of 

Industrial Safety Standards in charge of inspection service, 
who shall make regular weekly inspections of the plant. 



Woodworking — Section I Page 22 



Such persons shall fill out and sign weekly reports showing 
conditions of the plant and recommendations for changes. 
These reports shall be kept on file in the office and shown 
to the inspector. Standard blanks for inspection reports 
shall be furnished by the insurance carrier. 

The Safety Inspector in charge of safety shall: 

I. Follow up general lines of outstanding safety work and 
record same. 

II. Make or arrange for regular inspections of special equip- 
ment, such as elevators, cranes, engine and motor stops, 
etc., and shall keep written records of each inspection. 

III. Look after fire conditions, extinguishers, filling of fire 
(water and sand) pails, and keeping exits clear. 

IV. See that drawings and specifications for new machinery 
cover the guarding in accordance with standards of 
dangerous features, such as gears, sprockets and coup- 
lings. Inspect new machinery before it is placed in oper- 
ation and see that necessary standard safeguards are 
provided. 



(CLASS B, 151-500 EMPLOYEES) 

(2) There shall be some competent person with knowledge of 
Industrial Safety Standards in charge of inspection service, 
who shall make regular weekly reports showing conditions 
of the plant and recommendations for changes. These 
reports shall be kept on file in the office and shown to the 
Rating Board or Bureau inspector. Standard blanks for 
inspection reports shall be furnished by the insurance car- 
rier. The Safety Inspector shall: 

I. Inspect for maintenance of safeguards, general order and 
arrangement of materials, cleanliness and lighting. 

II. Look after fire conditions, extinguishers, filling of fire 
(water and sand) pails, and keeping exits clear. 

III. Investigate, record and report on all accidents. 



Woodworking — Section I Page 23 



IV. The General Committee shall make not less than one 
(1) thorough inspection of the plant each month, and 
submit written reports of recommendations for safe- 
guarding or approved safety conditions which they con- 
sider desirable, which reports shall be signed by mem- 
bers of the Committee. 

(CLASS C, MORE THAN 500 EMPLOYEES) 

(3) (a) There shall be a Safety Inspector who has knowledge 
of Industrial Safety Standards and who shall devote at 
least one-half (%) of his entire time to safety inspection 
work. He shall keep records as required herein, and 
shall: 

I. Follow up general lines of outstanding safety work 
and keep records of same, 

II. Make general inspection of plant and machinery and 
make written recommendations for necessary standard 
safeguards or safety precautions. 

III. Make or arrange for regular inspection of special 
equipment, such as elevators, cranes, engine and motor 
stops, etc., and shall keep written records of such in- 
spection. 

IV. Inspect for maintenance of safeguards, general order, 
and arrangement of materials, cleanliness and lighting. 

V. Look after fire conditions, extinguishers, filling of fire 
(water and sand) pails, and keeping exits clear. 

VI. Investigate, record and report on all accidents. 

VII. See that drawings and specifications for new machinery 
cover the guarding in accordance with standards of 
dangerous features, such as gears, sprockets and 
couplings, inspect new machinery before it is in opera- 
tion and see that necessary standard safeguards have 
been provided. 

(b) There shall be a Workmen's Committee of not less than 
three (3) workmen. The personnel of the Committee 
shall be changed at regular intervals preferably by rota- 
tion. The Committee shall: 



Woodworking — Section I Page 24 



I. Make not less than one (1) thorough inspection of the 
plant each month, and shall submit written reports of 
recommendations for safeguarding or approved safety 
conditions which they consider desirable, which re- 
ports shall be signed by members of the Committee. 

II. Inspect for maintenance of safeguards, general order 
and arrangement of materials, cleanliness and lighting. 

III. Look after fire conditions, extinguishers, filling of fire 
(water and sand) pails, and keeping exits clear. 

EDUCATION 

(CLASS A, 1-150 EMPLOYEES) 
STANDARD 

(1) Suitably located bulletin boards shall be provided, on which 
safety bulletins (which shall be changed at least 
monthly) and safety orders, rules and information shall 
be posted. 

(CLASS B, 151-500 EMPLOYEES) 

(2) (a) Suitably located bulletin boards shall be provided, on 
which safety bulletins (which shall be changed at least 
monthly) and safety orders, rules and information shall 
be posted. 

(b) There shall be at least semi-annual meetings of em- 
ployees at which talks on Safety shall be given. 

(CLASS C, MORE THAN 500 EMPLOYEES) 

(3) (a) Suitably located bulletin boards shall be provided 
throughout the plant on which safety bulletins (which 
shall be changed at least monthly) and safety orders, 
rules and information shall be posted. 

(b) There shall be at least semi-annual meetings of em- 
ployees at which talks on Safety shall be given. 

(c) Safety Literature, such as printed operating rules, warn- 
ing signs and notice on payroll envelopes, shall be pro- 
vided or distributed among the employees. 



Woodworking — Section I Page 25 



FOREMEN 

The proper carrying out of safety work and the prevention of 
accidents depends, to a great extent, upon the foremen. They 
should be men capable of maintaining a well-disciplined shop, 
and should have impressed upon them the importance of pre- 
venting accidents, as well as keeping up production in their de- 
partments. 

The following are a few of the things which should be con- 
sidered duties of the foreman: 

(1) Instruct new men as to proper methods of operating 
machines. 

(2) Point out to them the dangerous parts of the machine and 
methods for safeguarding same. 

(3) Emphasize importance of holding stock firmly when feed- 
ing machines. 

(4) Impress upon employees the need of close attention to 
their work when operating machines. 

(5) Explain the importance of keeping loose material from 
accumulating on or about machines. 

(6) Emphasize the dangers of wearing clothing with unbut- 
toned sleeves or with ragged or loose ends which may be 
caught in the machinery. 

(7) See that guards are kept in repair and used. 

(8) Give occasional short talks to the workmen on matters 
pertaining to safety. 

(9) Insist on safety rules being obeyed. 



SECTION II 

LOGGING 



I 



Woodworking — Section II Page 2 



LOGGING 

Logging is one of the most dangerous branches of a dangerous 
industry. The two most important features to be considered in 
the prevention of logging accidents are good equipment and compe- 
tent supervision. One logger, who in twenty years' experience in 
charge of large logging operations, has never had a serious acci- 
dent to any of his men in felling or skidding, says that when a man 
is injured or killed in the woods, someone should go to jail. While 
this is perhaps a radical view, it undoubtedly has had much to do 
with keeping his record clean. 

The following rules have been adapted from a bulletin of the 
Wisconsin Industrial Commission; they have been endorsed by 
practical loggers in various parts of the country; they are given 
here with a recommendation that they be either posted where work- 
men can read them or furnished to the workmen in pamphlet form. 



CHOPPERS AND SAWYERS 

CARRYING AXE. The only safe way to carry an axe is with 
the handle on the shoulder and the head back of the shoulder. 
Many men who have carried the axe with the head under the arm 
have stumbled and fallen and have been seriously injured. 

Note: A number of choppers have made out of wood and 
leather a little shield or case which covers the head and protects 
the blade and also protects the arm of the chopper when carrying it. 

CARRYING SAW. The only safe way to carry a saw is to 
carry it over your shoulder with the teeth pointed away from the 
neck. 

SPACE TO SWING THE AXE AND GET AWAY.— Before 
starting to fell a tree always clear out a space which will give you 
room to swing your axe safely, and also be sure to clear a path so 
you can get away when the tree falls. 

WHEN THE TREE STARTS TO FALL. Always get out of 
danger AT ONCE when the tree starts to fall, and LOOK UP and 
watch for falling limbs. Hundreds of men have been injured and 
killed by falling limbs. 



Woodworking — Section II Page 3 

TREES KICK BACK. When a tree falls it is likely to kick 
back from the stump. When the tree starts to fall, always get back 
far enough so you cannot be struck by the butt of the tree. 

CHOPPING SPRING POLES. You should be careful in chop- 
ping spring poles. There is always danger of their flying back and 
striking you. 

SKIDt)ING 

KICKING HORSES. Be careful around horses that are likely 
to kick. Many men have been seriously injured by kicks. Always 
speak to a horse before going near him. 

HITCHING ON TO LOG. When you hitch on to a log be 
careful to get out of the way and stand on safe side before the 
log starts. 

SWAMPERS GET OUT OF WAY. Swampers should keep an 
eye out for the team of the skidder, and before the log starts they 
should step out of the way. 

LOOK OUT FOR STUMPS. Skidders should look ahead and 
steer clear of stumps or other obstacles which the log or logs may 
strike, and thus cause them to be thrown against the skidder. 

HIGH LEAD. Overhead skidding with high lead is probably 
the safest method of logging where it is practicable, as in case of a 
broken cable, unless someone is directly under the lead, there is 
little possibility of an injury. 

EXTRA TACKLE. For high lead skidding, extra tackle should 
be provided so that the spar can be rigged ahead of the skidder, 
giving the loggers plenty of time to complete their work thoroughly 
without hurrying before moving the skidder. 

INSPECTIONS. Thorough inspection of all of the skidding 
tackle and equipment prevents delays as well as accidents. A 
breaking cable or sheave block reflects credit on no one. 

LOADING 

ENGINEER RESPONSIBLE FOR EQUIPMENT. The en- 
gineer should carefully inspect all machinery, cables and other 
equipment at least once each day, and make sure that everything 
is in good repair and in safe condition. 



Woodworking — Section II Page 4 

HOOKERS STAND AWAY. When the logs are lifted the 
hookers should stand away and give safe clearance for the logs. 

TOP LOADER HAS IMPORTANT POSITION. The top 
loader occupies a very responsible position. If he is careless or 
reckless the lives of the loading and the unloading crews, the train- 
men and the public are endangered. He should be careful to see 
that all chains and stakes are fixed securely and all logs not held 
by chains or stakes are safely placed. Many people have been in- 
jured because the loader was careless. The loader occupies a 
dangerous position and should also be careful to protect himself. 

ENGINEER STEADY LOGS. In lifting the logs the engineer 
should steady the logs at the point where they break on to the load, 
and then he should look to see the position of the top loader before 
placing the logs. 

TWISTED CHAINS DANGEROUS. Loaders should watch 
the chains to see that they do not get twisted. A twisted chain is 
easily broken and is always dangerous. 

OVERLOADING CARS. Loaders should not overload the 
cars. An overloaded car is always dangerous. 

DECKING 

GOOD FOUNDATIONS. The most important thing in deck- 
ing is to have good and safe foundations. 

SAFE DECKING. Be sure that the log on the face of your 
deck is so placed and blocked as not to crowd out and allow thf 
skidway to break down. All face logs should be placed in such a 
position that they cannot crowd out. 

HIGH ROLLWAYS DANGEROUS. Take special care when 
standing on high roUways. They are always dangerous. 

SLEIGH HAULING 

TOP LOADER RESPONSIBLE. The top loader is responsi- 
ble for all equipment, and should make frequent inspections to see 
that everything is in safe condition. In loading, the top loader 
should always remember that if he is careless he may cause a seri- 
ous accident to his fellow workmen. 



Woodworking — Section II Page 5 



DANGER ON HILLS. When approaching a hill teamsters 
should make sure that the hill is in safe condition before attempt- 
ing to go down. Many serious accidents have happened on account 
of hills not being in proper shape, which caused the load to gee 
away, injuring and killing men and teams. 

RAILROADS 

JUMPING OFF CARS. Don't jump on or off the trains while 
they are in motion and when riding on cars to and from the camp, 
be careful; otherwise you are likely to be seriously injured or 
killed. 

STANDING TOO NEAR MOVING TRAIN. When a train 
of logs is passing always stand back from the track at least twenty 
feet. You may be struck by a loose log. 

HOW TO HANDLE DYNAMITE AND CAPS 
WITH SAFETY 

THE HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES IS DANGEROUS 
BUSINESS. Every man Should Observe the Following Rules: 

SMOKING FORBIDDEN. Smoking while handling explosives 
is strictly forbidden. 

DON'T LET EXPLOSIVES FALL. Don't throw or allow 
boxes of explosives to fall violently. 

USE WOODEN TAMPING STICKS. Don't do tamping with 
iron or steel bars or tools. Use only the wooden tamping sticks 
provided for this work. 

CARE OF EXPLOSIVES. Don't allow explosives to lie 
around loose in places where you are working. 

CAPS KEPT SEPARATE FROM DYNAMITE. Don't leave 
blasting caps in the same box with, or close to, dynamite. 

DON'T CARRY CAPS IN POCKET. Don't carry blasting 
caps in your pocket, and don't tap or otherwise investigate same. 

REMOVING BLASTING CAPS FROM BOX. Don't attempt 
to remove blasting caps from boxes by inserting nails or any sharp 
instrument. 



Woodworking — Section II Page 6 

BITING CAPS IS DANGEROUS. Don't tighten a cap around 
a fuse by biting it with your teeth, nor by using a pocket knife. 
Use a cap crimper which is provided for this purpose. 

FROZEN DYNAMITE DANGEROUS. Don't use frozen or 
chilled dynamite. Don't cut or break a piece of dynamite while it 
is frozen. 

WHEN DYNAMITE FAILS TO EXPLODE. If a charge of 
dynamite fails to explode, don't go near it for one hour. It may go 
off and kill you. Do not try to put a new charge in the old hole; 
drill a new hole 6 to 12 inches from the old one. 

THAWING DYNAMITE. Many men have been killed while 
thawing dynamite. The following methods of thawing dynamite 
are recommended: 

(A) One of the safest and cheapest ways to thaw dynamite is 
to bury it in a pile of manure. 

(B) The regular dynamite hot water thawer, if properly used, 
is safe. Don't, under any condition, attempt to thaw dynamite around 
an open fire. 

REPORTING INJURIES. In case of accident, no matter 
how trivial, even a slight cut or break of the skin, report at once 
and have it taken care of. 



Woodworking — Section II 



Page 7 




SKIDDING, LOADING AND HOISTING ENGINES 

1. Steel plate guard for crank. 

2. Gears guarded sub-standard. Guard should extend to root of 

teeth. 

3. Platform around skidder engine should be as wide as possible 

and should have a railing. Skidder men may object to this 
for a short time because of injury to their pride, but will 
appreciate it as soon as they are accustomed to it. 



Woodworking — Section II Page 8 



LOGGING RAILROAD 

EXPERIENCED MEN NECESSARY. Where the nature of 
the equipment requires men to travel the train while in motion, 
special attention should be given to the selection of men. This 
work requires a cool head, a sure foot and experience. 

AIR BRAKES. Where practicable, air brakes should be used, 
as they make it unnecessary to travel over the train during the 
trip and greatly reduce the danger. 



Woodworking — Section II 



Page 9 




LOGGING RAILROAD 

Above photograph shows the wreck of a logging train due to 
defective ties. Many logging companies have found that, from 
the standpoint of economy as well as accident prevention, it pays 
to construct substantial road beds. 



^ 



Woodworking — Section II 



Page 10 




LOADING 

Wherever possible, the passing of logs over men's heads should 
be avoided. 

In the above photograph, the danger to the loader, should the 
cable break or the tongs pull out, is easily recognized. Where 
such methods are necessary, especial attention should be given 
to keeping cables and all hoisting equipment in safe condition, the 
tongs should be kept sharp and the hooker-on should be a careful 
and experienced man. 



Woodworking — Section II Page 11 



The safety of the train crew or haulers depends on the skill 
and care with which logs are loaded. In general, the top loader 
needs considerable skill to protect himself. Loaders should be 
physically and mentally fitted for their job and only experienced 
men permitted to do the more dangerous work. 

SECURING LOGS ON CARS 

Logs should be well secured to cars or bunks. 

CHAINS AND STAKES. Very large logs should be secured 
by chains. Where several logs are piled on a car, a type of car 
stake which can be released from the opposite side of the car is 
preferable. If chains are used, these also should be released from 
the side of the car opposite to that from which the logs are un- 
loaded. 



Woodworking — Section II 



Page 12 




CAR STAKE 

The above illustration shows one of a variety of car stakes. 
These are much safer than chains where practicable. 



Woodworking — Section II Page 13 



UNLOADING CARS 

The following six illustrations show two methods of 
unloading cars into a pond from a track on which the rail 
farthest from the pond is elevated above the other rail so as 
to slope the floor of the car toward the pond. The logs in 
both of these operations vary from eight inches to four 
feet or more in diameter .and the cars in both operations 
are of the same type and size. The method shown in illus- 
trations 1 and 2 requires a rollway between the track and 
pond. With the other method, logs are dumped directly 
from cars into pond. The second method has the advantage 
of being very much quicker as well as safer than the first. 
Unloaders need never be in a position where a log rolling 
from the car may strike them as is necessary with the first 
method. The first method is very fatiguing, the second not 
at all so. 



Woodworking — Section II 



Page 14 




DANGEROUS METHOD OF UNLOADING 

After chains are released, men start logs with cant hooks. Note 
in the upper illustration man in foreground is completely off ground 
resting on his stomach on handle of cant hook, while in second 
illustration, the position is equally dangerous should logs start 
suddenly. 



Woodworking — Section II 



Page 15 




SAFE METHOD OF UNLOADING 

Stake is held in manner shown in illustration above, lower end 
being placed against tie. Train is moved slowly toward man in 
picture, stake lifting log over chock. Usually the entire load rolls 
off car without further effort. 



Woodworking — Section II 



Page 16 




Above illustrations show method of unloading cars from the far 
side of track and from adjacent car platform. Cars move very 
slowly, introducing no hazard from moving cars. 



J 



SECTION III 

SAW MILL 



Woodworking — Section III Page 2 

SAW^ MILL 

Saw mills present many hazardous conditions not found 
in other plants, but the workmen become so accustomed to 
these conditions that they often forget the dangers, and 
take chances which frequently lead to serious, or even fatal, 
accidents. Observance of the following rules will tend to 
minimize accident frequency : 

Machines should have their belts and other moving parts 
guarded. 

The gears driving live rolls should be enclosed. 

Sufficient working space should be provided around 
machines. 

Runways should be provided where it is necessary for 
workmen to pass over dangerous moving equipment. 

Floor openings should be protected by rails and toe- 
boards. 

Waste material should not be allowed to accumulate in 
the mill. 

Care should be taken in the guarding of belts, pulleys, 
etc., on the transmission floor. 

The foreman should exercise close supervision over all 
work in the mill, and see that the rules are rigidly enforced, 
and that proper safety precautions are taken. 

LOG SLIP 

Walkways with railing and toeboard should be provided 
on both sides of the log slip from the pond to the deck. 
The railing should be sufficiently strong to hold a log on the 
walk should the log be thrown out of the slip. 

Planks should be separated one inch for drainage. 

Cleats should be provided to give secure foothold. 



Woodworking — Section III 



Page 3 




LOG SLIP 



1. Walkway should be provided with toeboard. 

2. Guard under idle part of log chain. 



Woodworking — Section III Page 4 



DECK 

At the top of the log slip there should be a buffer of 
heavy timbers sufficiently strong to stop the log chain in 
case the deckman allows a log to hit it. 

Floors of decks should be kept in good repair, as men 
handling logs on the deck frequently have to jump from in 
front of rolling logs, and unless their footing is good a seri- 
ous accident may result. 

Cant hooks should be kept sharp and handles free from 
cracks. 

A log should always be left on the deck against the snubs 
to prevent a log from rolling down the deck rapidly and 
jumping over the snubs. 



Woodworking — Section IV Page 5 



TENONERS 

The point of operation on this type of machine can 
usually be guarded by a close-fitting shaving exhaust hood. 

The belts and moving parts are operated at high speed 
and should be completely guarded by a substantial en- 
closure. 

Exhaust hoods covering rapidly revolving cutters should 
be constructed of material sufficiently heavy to hold a cutter 
blade in case it should become loosened from head. This 
applies to such machines as tenoners, moulders, etc. 



Woodworking — Section IV 



Page 6 




TENONER 

1. Shaving exhaust hood affords some protection at point of opera- 

tion. 

2. Belts, pulleys and other moving parts guarded sub-standard by 

substantial rail and enclosure. See Industrial Standards — 
Section I — Page 7. 



Woodworking — Section IV 



Page 7 




TENONER 

1. Shaving exhaust hood affords some protection at point of opera- 

tion, 

2. Belts and pulleys, guarded sub-standard. Rail too close. See 

Industrial Standards — Section I — Page 7. 



Woodworking — Section IV 



Page 8 




DOUBLE END TENONER 

1. Shaving exhaust hood at point of operation. 

2. Driving shaft guard is made sectional to permit adjustment and 

change in position of cutting head. 

3. Feed chains guarded to standard. 



Woodworking — Section IV 



Page 9 




SLAT TENONER 

1. Point of operation guarded by shaving exhaust hood. The 

character of work done on this machine permits an automatic 
feed. This machine is so equipped, but the arrangement is 
not shown in the illustration. 

2. Machine belts are exposed and should be completely guarded by 

standard enclosure. See Industrial Standards — Section I — 
Page 7. 



J 



Woodworking — Section IV 



Page 10 




SLAT STICKER 

1. Exhaust hood forms an e£Fective guard over cutter head. 

2. Spring clamps to hold stock in position. 






SECTION V 

SAWS 



Woodworking — Section V Page 2 

CIRCULAR SAW^ 

This is one of the most widely used of all tools, and, at 
the same time, one of the most dangerous. While the 
moving parts on circular saw equipment are fewer in num- 
ber than on many other machines, they are nevertheless 
dangerous. Belts, pulleys, shafting, gears, chains, sprockets, 
etc., should be fully guarded so that persons may not be 
injured by them. 

Probably more attention has been given to guarding the 
point of operation on circular saws than on any other ma- 
chine. Different classes of work require different types of 
guard. 

The portion of the saw above table should be covered so 
that the person feeding the stock cannot come in contact 
with the saw. 

It is also important in many cases that the operator see 
clearly the cutting portion of the saw. This necessitates a 
guard of open construction. 

There is also the danger of kick-back of stock which 
may cause very serious, or even fatal, accidents. The guard 
illustrated on pages 11, 12 and 13 is designed to take care of 
this hazard. 

On rip saws a splitter or riving knife should be provided 
to prevent binding as the stock leaves the saw. 

Self-feed saws should have the feeding device protected 
to prevent operator being caught in same. 

Protection should be provided for portion of saw ex- 
tending below table. 

Care should be observed in mounting saws to see that 
they run true and are located in proper position. 



Woodworking — Section V Page 3 

Where saws with inserted teeth are used, great care 
should be taken to see that they are properly set and se- 
curely locked in position. 

When circular saws are not in use, they should be hung 
where the teeth are protected against accidental contact. 
Serious injuries have been caused by running into saws 
hung on posts where the teeth projected beyond the post. 

It is especially important that the foreman instruct new 
men carefully in the proper operation of circular saws, em- 
phasizing particularly : 

The necessity of close attention to their work when 
operating such machines. 

The deceiving appearance of circular saw teeth when 
running. The teeth are almost invisible when saw is re- 
volving at high speed. 

The danger of allowing pieces of stock to remain on 
table where they may be brought in contact with saw and 
thrown. 

The importance of keeping space about machine free 
from loose material which might cause tripping. 



J 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 4 

















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CIRCULAR SAW 

Hood guard for saw. Guard frame mounted on table. This 
guard must be set to a height greater than the thickness of 
the stock. Not adaptable to variety work. 

Spreader behind saw. 

Belts fully guarded. 

Edge of extra saw extends beyond post, thus presenting a hazard 
to passersby. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 5 




CIRCULAR SAW 

A guard of this type adaptable to various classes of work. 



J 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 6 




CIRCULAR SAW 

1. Saw guard with floor support. 

2. Splitter. 

3. Exposed section of saw under table should be enclosed. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 7 



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CIRCULAR SAW 

1. Saw guard suspended from ceiling. 

2. Exhaust. 

3. Belts guarded. 

4. Moving parts and saw below tilting table guarded. 

5. Light not properly shaded. 



J 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 8 




CIRCULAR SAW GUARD 

Substantial guard supported from overhead. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 9 




UNIVERSAL SAW BENCH 

1. Self-adjusting saw guard. 

2. Spreader. 

3. Saw under table only partially guarded. 

4. Belt and pulley guarded by manufacturer of machine. 

See Industrial Standards — Section I— page 7 for cor- 
rect size of mesh. 

5. Individual drive. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 10 




CIRCULAR SAW 

1. Adjustable saw guard. 

2. Spreader. 

3. Individual drive. Belt guarded. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 11 




RIP SAW GUARD 

Illustration shows sectional guard with stock in starting position. 
Rear of guard acts as spreader. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 12 




RIP SAW GUARD 

Note that guard is automatically adjustable for different thick- 
nesses of stock. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 13 




RIP SAW GUARD 

Note that arrangement of sections is designed to prevent kick- 
back. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 14 




MITRE SAW GUARD 
Note that spreader and guard are too far from saw. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 15 




SELF-FEED SAW 

1. Efficient home-made guard for saw and feed. Extension at back 

to prevent boards flying up. 

2. Belts and pulleys should be enclosed. See Industrial Stand- 

ards — Section I — Page 7, 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 16 




CUT-OFF SAW GUARD 

Note that hood travels with saw, so that saw is always covered. 
Enclosure hinged for convenience in changing saws. 



Woodworking — Section V 




CUT-OFF SAW GUARD 

Door open, showing hood in starting position. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 18 




CUT-OFF SAW GUARD 

1. Hood of wire screen. Same type as preceding, but for larger 

saw. 

2. Note guard at front edge of table. 



A 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 19 




CUT-OFF SAW GUARD 
Note accessibility of saw when doors are open. 



J 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 20 




CUT-OFF SAW 

1. Guards for saw. 

2. Belt above table guarded. Belt below table should be guarded. 

3. Bad housekeeping. Blocks should not be allowed to collect. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 21 




DOUBLE CUT-OFF SAW 

1. Saw guarded. Spreader too far from back of saw. 

2. Exhaust. 

3. Belts and shaft end guarded. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 22 




DOUBLE CUT-OFF SAW GUARD 

Horizontal rod permits adjustment of guards for various settings 
of saw. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 23 




GANG RIP SAW 

1. Point of operation guarded. Note arrangement of fingers to 

prevent kick-back. 

2. Exhaust. 

3. Drive belt guarded. 

4. Guard for moving parts sub standard. Should extend down on 

inside to cover sprocket, chain and gear. 
See Industrial Standards — Section I — Page 7, for correct size 
of mesh. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 24 




GANG RIP SAW 

Rear view of preceding machine. Gears and sprocket should be 
fully enclosed. 



Woodworking — Section V Page 25 



SWING SAVV^ 

Swing saws should have belt and pulley guarded, and the 
saw should be provided with a hood that covers at least one- 
half of the saw disc. 

The counterweight and its support should receive fre- 
quent attention whether the support is a rope, cable or swing 
bar. 

The rope or cable should be watched for signs of wear. 

Where the counterweight is supported on a swing bar 
it should not be allowed to work loose. 

It is recommended that the swing bar be so arranged as 
to work from a horizontal position upward, thus lessening 
the danger of counterweight slipping off bar. 

Another valuable safety precaution is to provide the 
counterweight with a safety chain attached to swing bar. 

A swing saw should also be provided with a positive stop 
to prevent the saw swinging beyond the edge of table. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 26 




SWING SAW 

1. Saw well guarded. 

2. Belt and pulley guarded. Mesh not standard. 
See Industrial Standards — Section I — Page 7. 



w 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 27 




SWING SAW 

1. Saw well covered. Note hinged lip guard for front of saw, 

2. All moving parts fully guarded. 

3. Individual drive. 

4. Safety chain for counterweight. 



Woodworking — Section V Page 28 



BAND SAW 

The guarding of a band saw is not a particularly difficult 
problem. The spoke hazard and the hazard of a breaking 
saw can be taken care of by fully enclosing the upper and 
lower wheels and the return portion of saw. The section of 
saw where work is done can be protected by a guard at- 
tached to the guide and extending upward to the inside of 
upper wheel guard. This guard, being attached to the 
guide, will move with it, so that portion of saw between 
guide and upper wheel will always be protected. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 29 




BAND SAW 

1. Housing for Band Saw. 

2. Feed rolls guarded. 

3. Belts and moving parts guarded. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 30 




BAND SAW 

1. Guard attached to guide. 

2. Individual drive. 

3. Moving parts guarded. 

4. Light for point of operation. 



feta» 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 31 




BAND SAW 

1. Guard for point of operation attached to guide. 

2. Exhaust. 

3. Moving parts guarded. Guard should extend to lower edge of 

upper wheel. 

4. Counter weight should be guarded. 

See Industrial Standards — Section I — Page 8. 



Woodworking — Section V 



Page 32 




BAND RIP SAW 

1. Channel iron guard for saw below wheel. 

2. Substantial guard for wheel. Mesh not standard. 
See Industrial Standards — Section I — Page 7. 

3. Counter weight should be guarded. 
See Industrial Standards — Section I — Page 8. 



Woodworking. — Section V 



Page 33 







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1. Point of operation guarded. 

2. Ehrive belt and pulley guarded. 

3. Moving parts guarded. 






SECTION VI 

JOINTERS 



> 



Woodworking — Section VI Page 2 



JOINTERS 

Many of the safeguards in woodworking are open to 
criticism as to their efficiency. This, however, is not true 
of the cylindrical cutting head for jointers. While of itself 
it is not a sufficient guard, it should always be used on all 
jointers and in all other types of machines where it is prac- 
ticable. The cylindrical cutting head will, in most cases, 
reduce the seriousness of any accident that may occur on it 
as compared to a similar accident on a square cutting head. 

In addition to the round head a guard should be pro- 
vided which will cover the knives. Several types are shown, 
some of which cover the knives at all times (the stock being 
fed under the guard) while others are pushed aside, the 
guard covering all of the head which the stock does not 
cover. 

All jointer guards should completely cover that part of 
the head which is exposed behind the guide. 

The planing of short pieces on a jointer is dangerous and 
should be avoided as much as possible. Where such work 
is done a push block or some other suitable device should be 
provided and used. If such a device is used there is no 
danger of the stock being thrown from operator's grasp and 
his hands being caught in the machine. 



Woodworking — Section VI 



Page 3 



CYLINDRiCAL SAFETY HEHD FOR JOINTERS 




B&BaM 



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Woodworking — Section VI 



Page 4 




CYLINDRICAL VERSUS SQUARE JOINTER HEAD 

Note the minor injury generally sustained on cylindrical head 
as compared with loss of fingers on square head. 



I 






Woodworking — Section VI 



Page 5 




JOINTER 

1. Cylindrical cutting head (not shown in illustration). 

2. Guard at point of operation. 

3. Cutting head covered at rear of guide (not shown in illustra- 

tion). 

4. Driving belt guarded to standard. 



I 

J 



Woodworking — Section VI 



Page 6 




JOINTER 

Note cylindrical head and adjustable guard for point of operation. 



Woodworking — Section VI 



Page 7 




JOINTER GUARD 

1. Cylindrical cutter head. 

2. Spring actuated guard over cutter head. 



i 



Woodworking — Section VI 



Page 8 




JOINTER 

An effective guard for the point of operation, automatically 
adjustable to stock being worked. 



Woodworking — Section VI 



Page 9 




JOINTER 

1. Cylindrical cutting head (not shown). 

2. Point of operation guarded. 

3. Drive belt and pulley guarded. 



Woodworking — Section VI 



Page 10 




JOINTER GUARD 

Guard designed to cover cutting head at all times. Adjustable 
for different thicknesses of stock. 



Woodworking — Section VI 



Page 11 




AUTOMATIC FEED JOINTER 
Eliminates hazard of feeding operation. 



Woodworking — Section VI 



Page 12 




AUTOMATIC FEED JOINTER 

1. Shaving exhaust. 

2, Driving belts guarded to standard. 



SECTION VII 

PLANERS 



Woodworking — Section VII Page 2 



PLANERS 

Planers present the hazard of gears, belts and pulleys, 
and at the point of operation, the hazard of being caught by 
the feed rolls. The guarding of these parts is comparatively 
simple, as the following cuts show. 

The simplest form of guard for the feed roll is a bar 
placed at sufficient distance in front of the roll to prevent the 
hand of the feeder being caught in same. 

A better type of guard is shown on pages 10 and 11. 
This is a sectional guard with fingers so designed as to 
prevent kick-back of stock while being fed. 



Woodworking — Section VII 



Page 3 




PLANER 

1. Guard bar at point of operation. 

2. Shaving exhaust hood. 

3. Drive belts and pulleys guarded. 

4. Moving parts guarded. 



Woodworking — Section VII 



Page 4 




PLANER 

1. Guard bar in front of feed roll. 

2. Shaving exhaust hood. 

3. Driving belts guarded to standard. 

4. Feed gears and other moving parts guarded to standard. 



Woodworking — Section VII 



Page 5 




PLANER 

1. Guard bar in front of feed roll. 

2. Shaving exhaust. 

3. Driving belts guarded to standard. 

4. All moving parts guarded to standard. 



Woodworking — Section VII 



Page 6 




PLANER 

1. Guard bar in front of feed roll. 

2. Shaving exhaust. 

3. Machine belts and moving parts guarded to standard. 



A 



Woodworking — Section VII 



Page 7 




PLANER 

1. Guard bar in front of feed roll. 

2. Shaving exhaust. 

3. Substantial belt guards but sub-standard. 

Too much space between slats. 

See Industrial Standards — Section I— Page 7. 



Woodworking — Section VII 



Page 8 





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PLANER 

1. Guard bar in front of feed roll. 

2. Shaving exhaust. 

3. Driving belt guarded by a solid enclosure. 

4. Feed gears unguarded, should be enclosed. 



Woodworking — Section VII Page 9 



5. Note angrularity of belt shifter which necessitates fastening lever 

in off position. The lever should be arranged to hang verti- 
cally when the driving belt is on the idler pulley. 

6. Note the efficient guarding of overhead pulleys on main line 

shaft. 



Woodworking — Section VII 



Page 10 




PLANER GUARD 

Sectional guard with fingers so designed as to prevent kick-back 
of stock. 



^ 



Woodworking — Section VII 



Page 11 




PLANER GUARD 
Showing stock in position. 



Woodworking — Section VII 



Page 12 




PLANER (Undercut Type) 

1. Feed rolls guarded. 

2. Driving belts and all moving parts guarded to standard. 



SECTION VIII 

SHAPERS 



A 



II 



Woodworking — Section VIII Page 2 



SHAPERS 

Shapers are used for such a variety of work that it is 
difficult to find a guard suitable for all conditions. On the 
following pages are shown a number of guards which are 
being used with satisfactory results. 

There are a number of points regarding these machines 
which should be emphasized. The machines run at high 
speed and should be of rigid construction and located where 
vibration is reduced to a minimum. 

The knives should be set carefully in the spindle and 
securely fastened. 

Suitable exhaust hoods should be provided. 

Where guides are used they should be securely fastened. 

Whenever possible, clamping forms should be used that 
will not necessitate the hands of the operator coming close 
to the cutting head. 

Operators should wear clothing with short or tight-fit- 
ting sleeves, and should be cautioned against allowing their 
attention to be distracted from their work. 

Freedom from rubbish or waste material about these 
machines is another important factor to be kept in mind. 

Belts, pulleys, etc., should be guarded. Frequently on 
this type of machine the radial belts under table are found 
unguarded. These should be enclosed. 

The foreman should see that these points are brought to 
the attention of the workmen and that all rules are obeyed. 



f 



Woodworking — Section VIII 



Page 3 




SHAPER GUARD 

1. Cutting blades guarded by heavy cylinder, which is adjustable 

for various thicknesses of stock. 

2. Exhaust hood. 



Woodworking — Section VIII 



Page 4 




SHAPER GUARD 

Shutter type guard actuated by spring whose tension is adjust- 
able. Cutter blades normally covered. Guard held back when in 
use by stock being worked. 



Woodworking — Section VIII 



Page 5 




SHAPER 

1. Guard for point of operation. 

2. Shaving exhaust hood. 

3. Driving belt not guarded. 

See Industrial Standards— Section I— Page 7. 



Woodworking — Section VIII 



Page 6 




SHAPER 

1. Adjustable guard for point of operation. 

2. Shaving exhaust hood. 

3. Driving belts and pulleys guarded to standard. 



Woodworking — Section VIII 



Page 7 




SHAPER GUARD 
Note arrangement for quick adjustment. 



J 



Woodworking — Section VIII 



Page 8 




SHAPER 

1. Adjustable guard for point of operation. 

2. Belts and pulleys should be guarded. 
See Industrial Standards— Section I— Page 7. 



Woodworking — Section VIII 



Page 9 




SHAPER 

1. Guard for point of operation. 

2. Note accumulation of chips and shavings and absence of exhaust 

hood. 

3. Guards for radial belts beneath table. 



I 



Woodworking — Section VIII 



Page 10 




SHAPER GUARD 

Guard adjustable for various thicknesses of stock. Hinged arm 
permits ready access to cutter blades. 



Woodworking — Section VIII 



Page 11 




SHAPER 

I. Guard for point of operation. 

Note condition of table due to absence of exhaust hood for re- 
moval of chips. 

3. Driving belt guarded to standard. 

4. Radial belts under table unguarded. 



Woodworking — Section VIII 



Page 12 




SHAPER 

1. Guard for point of operation (not in position). 

2. Shaving exhaust hood. 

3. Driving belt from counter shaft to jack shaft guarded to stand- 
ard. 

4. Floor belts, guarded by single rail only, should be enclosed 
from rail to floor. 

See Industrial Standards — Section I — Page 7. 



Woodworking — Section VIII 



Page 13 




SHAPER 

1. Guard for point of operation. 

2. Exhaust hoods (not in position). 

3. Substantial but sub-standard metal guard for belts and pulleys. 
See Industrial Standards — Section I — Page 7. 



A 






1 



SECTION IX 

SANDING MACHINERY 



Woodworking — Section IX Page 2 



SANDING MACHINERY 

The danger at point of operation on machines and de- 
vices for sanding purposes is not important in comparison 
with woodworking machines having a cutting action. To 
offset this hazard, however, the dust thrown off from the 
operation is objectionable, and every possible means should 
be taken to collect and remove this dust as rapidly as 
formed. 

Roll feed sanders should be provided with a guard bar in 
front of feed rolls. 

These machines are also operated at high speed and all 
belts, pulleys and moving parts should be completely and 
substantially guarded. 



Woodworking — Section IX 



Page 3 




ROLL FEED SANDER 

1. Guard bar in front of feed roll. 

2. The exhaust suction hood for removal of dust is not shown in 

illustration. 

3. Driving belts substantially guarded. 

4. Gear guard inadequate and should be extended to completely 

cover gear. 

5. Adjusting gears not power driven and guard unnecessary. 



Woodworking — Section IX 



Page 4 




ROLL FEED SANDER 

1. An effective protection for feed roll. 

2. Driving belts and pulleys guarded to standard. 

3. Belt shifter extending through floor. 



Woodworking — Section IX 



Page 5 




ROLL FEED SANDER 

1. Point of operation guarded. 

2. Drive belts and pulleys guarded to standard. 

3. Gears substantially guarded. 



Woodworking — Section IX 



Page 6 




MOULDING SANDER 

The exhaust hood is extensive and well arranged to collect and 
remove all dust generated in the sanding operation. The feed 
is automatic and the possibility of an accident at the point of 
operation is practically negligible. 

Driving belts and pulleys guarded to standard. 

Shaft drive and coupling guarded to standard. 



Woodworking — Section IX 



Page 7 




DRUM SANDER 

1. Exhaust. 

2. Belts and pulleys well guarded. 



Woodworking — Section IX 



Page 8 




DISC SANDER 

1. Hoods over discs. 

2. Exhaust hoods underneath table. Exhaust piping not attached. 

3. Belt and pulley should be enclosed when belt is put on. 



Woodworking — Section IX 



Page 9 




DISC SANDER 

1. Well-designed exhaust hoods. 

2. Driving belt guard not standard. 

See Industrial Standards — Section I — Page 7, for size of mesh. 

3. Lamp should be equipped with shade. 



Woodworking — Section IX 



Page 10 




DISC SANDER 

1. Disc well covered by exhaust hood. 

2. Drive belt and pulley guarded to standard. 



Woodworking — Section IX 




L 




m 



BELT SANDER 

The exhaust suction hood is arranged and located advantage- 
ously to collect and eliminate the dust which is conducted to 
it by the air current generated by the sand belt. 

Driving belt and pulley guarded to standard. 



^ 



SECTION X 

BORING MACHINERY 



^ 



Woodworking — Section X Page 2 



BORING MACHINES AND MORTISERS 

The accident exposure on machines of this type is the 
close proximity to the operators of rapidly revolving and 
reciprocating parts. The character of the operation requires 
that the stock being machined be spotted accurately under 
the cutting tool, and while the operator is so absorbed in his 
duties it is obviously essential that the spindle and other 
moving parts of the machines be completely guarded in 
order to prevent accidental contact. 

The revolving chuck holding the tool should be cylin- 
drical with no projections extending beyond its periphery. 

The variable thickness of stock and consequential length 
of bit or auger, as well as the depth of the holes and recesses, 
make it rather difficult to provide a shaving exhaust hood 
to suit every condition. However, the chips and cuttings do 
not particularly invite an eye injury in such operations. 

The pins or bolts holding lever and counterweight should 
be provided with cotter pins or lock nuts to prevent their 
loosening and allowing spindle to drop. 



Woodworking — Section X 



Page 3 




VERTICAL BORING MACHINE 

1. Screen guard for spindle. 

2. Belt and pulley guarded to standard. 

3. A cotter pin should be fitted in the lever back of the counter 

weight to prevent the weight from becoming detached which 
would permit the spindle to fall unexpectedly. 



Woodworking — Section X 



Page 4 




VERTICAL BORING MACHINE 
Belts and pulleys guarded to standard. 



Woodworking — Section X 



Page 5 




GANG BORING MACHINE 

1. Substantial screen in front of spindle and chucks. 

2. Driving belt and pulleys guarded to standard. 



Woodworking — Section X 



Page 6 




HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE 

1. Point of operation guarded. 

2. Driving belt and pulley guarded to standard. 



Woodworking — Section X 



Page 7 




HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE 

1. Driving belt and pulley guarded to standard. 

2. Neat fitting screen guard over the moving parts. 



Woodworking — Section X 



Page 8 







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HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE 

1. Individual motor for each spindle eliminating all belts and pul- 

leys. 

2. This machine is designed for special work and demonstrates the 

possibility of reducing exposure to a minimum. 



Woodworking — Section X 



Page 9 




DOUBLE-END BORING MACHINE 

1. This illustration shows how all belts, pulleys and other moving 

parts may be completely guarded without decreasing pro- 
duction. 

2. The floor shaft guard is sectional and may be telescoped or 

extended as required. 



SECTION XI 



MISCELLANEOUS 
MACHINERY 



Woodworking — Section XI Page 2 



MISCELLANEOUS MACHINES 

There are many woodworking machines designed for 
particular classes of work, which have hazards peculiar to 
themselves. The standards in Section I give dimensions 
ind distances for guards protecting belts, pulleys, gears, etc., 
)ut for the point of operation on such machines considerable 
thought and ingenuity is often required to design a guard 
[which will properly protect the operator. 

Not only is it necessary to protect him against contact 
with knives, saws, rolls, or other dangerous parts, but, in 
many cases, there is the additional hazard of kick-back of 
stock, flying chips, dust, etc. On some machines a suitable 
jxhaust hood is sufficient to accomplish the desired result; 
[others may have a barrier of such size and shape as to pro- 
ride ample protection; while, in some cases, devices are 
ised which will necessitate the operator being at some dis- 
tance from the dangerous parts while operating machine. 
?he use of special clamps or other devices for handling the 
stock being fed is another method which is satisfactory for 
some classes of work. 

Every effort should be made to guard all possible dan- 
gerous parts on machines, and the foreman should carefully 
instruct the workmen in the proper methods of operating 
them, and emphasize the importance of close attention to 
their work. 



Woodworking — Section XI 



Page 3 




AUTOMATIC LATHE 

1. Effective guard over cutter. 

2. Driving belts, pulleys and all other moving parts guarded to 

standard. 

3. A block beneath treadle to prevent accidental starting of ma- 

chine. 



Woodworking — Section XI 



Page 4 




AUTOMATIC LATHE 

1. Cutter blades guarded while stock is being handled. 

2. Belts and pulleys guarded to standard. 



Woodworking — Section XI 



Page 5 




AUTOMATIC LATHE 

1. Point of operation guarded. Guard raised by treadle, which 

swings stock into cutting position. 

2. Belt and pulley guarded. Mesh too large. 
See Industrial Standards— Section I— Page 7. 



Woodworking — Section XI 



Page 6 




AUTOMATIC LATHE 

Same machine as preceding cut with guard lowered. Guard 
automatically returns to this position when pressure is removed 
from treadle. 



Woodworking — Section XI 



Page 7 




AUTOMATIC LATHE 

1. Point of operation guarded. Note that foot of operator is hold- 

ing guard in raised position. 

2. Moving parts guarded. Mesh too large. 
See Industrial Standards — Section I — Page 7. 



Woodworking — Section XI 



Page 8 




MITER CHOPPER 

1. Point of operation guarded. 

2. Drive belt guarded. Mesh too large. 
See Industrial Standards — Section I — Page 7. 



Woodworking — Section XI 



Page 9 




MITER CHOPPER 
Note guard for crank. 



Woodworking — Section XI 



Page 11 




VENEER CLIPPER 

1. Automatic guard for point of operation. 

2. Belts and pulleys exposed, should be completely guarded to 

standard. 

See Industrial Standards — Section I — Page 7. 



/' 



